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The Shanghai International Settlement () originated following the defeat of the Qing dynasty of China by the British Empire in the First Opium War (18391842) and the subsequent signature of the Treaty of Nanking. Under the terms of the treaty, the Chinese city of Shanghai, along with four other treaty ports, opened to foreign trade, overturning the former monopoly held by the southern port of Canton (Guangzhou) under the Canton System. The British, already active in Hong Kong, which had been ceded to them under the Treaty of Nanking, quickly established a settlement along the banks of the Whangpoo River for the furtherance of their commercial interests. American and French involvement followed closely on the heels of the British, with distinct areas of settlement for the French in the south and the Americans to the north drawn out of the British settlement. In 1854, the three countries created the Shanghai Municipal Council to serve all their interests, but in 1862, the French concession dropped out of the arrangement. The following year the British and American settlements formally united to create the Shanghai International Settlement. Unlike the colonies of Hong Kong and Weiheiwei, which were sovereign British territories, the foreign concessions in Shanghai originally remained Chinese sovereign territory. However, during the Small Sword Society uprising of 185355, the Qing government gave up sovereignty in the concessions to the foreign powers in exchange of their support to suppress the rebellion. As more foreign powers entered into treaty relations with China, their nationals also became part of the administration of the settlement, but it always remained a predominantly British affair, at least until the late 1930s when Japan's involvement became of increasing importance. The international settlement came to an abrupt end in December 1941 when Japanese troops stormed in immediately following the attack on Pearl Harbor. In early 1943, new treaties signed by Chiang Kai-shek's free Chinese government with Britain and the United States brought to an end the extraterritorial privileges which had been enjoyed by British subjects and American citizens for one hundred years. ==History== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Shanghai International Settlement」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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